Vascular Anomalies
Vascular anomalies are a group of conditions involving abnormal development or growth of blood vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries or lymphatic vessels. These conditions are present at birth, though they may not become noticeable until later in childhood. Vascular anomalies are broadly classified into vascular tumors and vascular malformations. The most common vascular tumor is an infantile hemangioma, otherwise known as a strawberry spot. Vascular malformations include venous, lymphatic, capillary and arteriovenous malformations. Each type behaves differently and requires a unique approach to diagnosis and management.
Infantile hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors seen in infants. They typically appear within the first few weeks of life as raised red or bluish areas on the skin, grow rapidly in the first few months and then gradually shrink over time. Most are harmless and resolve without treatment. However, larger or problematic hemangiomas affecting the face or airway may require medical therapy with oral propranolol. In some cases, laser therapy or surgery may be considered to manage residual tissue or complications like ulceration.
Vascular malformations, unlike hemangiomas, do not grow rapidly or shrink on their own. These include venous malformations, which appear as soft, bluish lumps under the skin that may swell with activity; lymphatic malformations, which may look like cystic or fluid-filled masses; and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), which are high-flow lesions that can cause pain, bleeding or heart strain. Workup includes ultrasound, MRI or CT scans and sometimes biopsy. The treatment for vascular anomalies are tailored to the specific type and severity of the lesion. Management may include sclerotherapy with interventional radiology (injecting medication to shrink the lesion), laser treatment or surgery. Our physicians at ENT for Kids collaborate with other specialists in the area including dermatology, interventional radiology and hematology for management.
If your child has an unusual lump, swelling, or skin discoloration that changes over time, it’s important to have it evaluated by one of our specialists at ENT for Kids. Early diagnosis of vascular anomalies can help guide the best treatment approach, prevent complications and ensure your child receives appropriate care tailored to their needs.